Research Ethics

Human Rights Policy

Research involving human participants must respect privacy, consent, ethics approval, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Ethics Approval

Studies involving human participants should be conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable local, regional, national, or institutional regulations.

Authors must include a clear statement that the study was approved by an institutional review board, ethics committee, or equivalent body.

Privacy and Consent

Participants and patients have a right to privacy. Names, hospital numbers, images, and other identifiers should be removed unless written consent has been obtained and publication is scientifically necessary.

Informed Consent

Written Consent

Authors must obtain written consent from patients or legally authorized representatives before publishing case reports, photographs, or details that could identify an individual.

Data Sharing Policy

Data sharing improves transparency, reproducibility, and reader confidence while respecting privacy, legal, and ethical limits.