Errata and Corrigenda
- An erratum corrects an error introduced during editing, typesetting, or production. A corrigendum is used when authors need to correct or update article content after acceptance or publication.
- Editors assess the impact of the correction and decide how the notice should be published.
Retractions
- A retraction informs readers that an article should not be treated as reliable research literature. Retractions may be issued after editorial investigation and documentation.
- Findings are unreliable because of error or misconduct.
- The work has been published elsewhere without proper disclosure.
- The work is stolen, plagiarized, or otherwise ethically compromised.